ABSTRACT The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) based Multispectral Rainfall Algorithm (IMSRA) operationally provides precipitation estimates using measurements provided by the Kalpana satellite from 2008 onwards and the INSAT-3D from 2014 onwards over Indian land and oceanic regions for dissemination to the users. Here, an attempt is made to estimate rainfall over the Indian monsoon region by the synergistic use of geostationary INSAT-3D IMSRA derived rainfall estimates and rain data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) using a suitable objective analysis method. The objective criteria of a successive correction method benefit from high spatial and temporal resolutions of the geostationary satellite and infrequent but more accurate microwave-based rainfall estimates, particularly during heavy rain conditions. The method is applied to various case studies for the southwest monsoon season of 2015 at both instantaneous and daily scale. A comparison is made with ground data and also with independent global concurrent rainfall products. The merged rainfall estimates shows noticeable improvement over the Infrared (IR)-based rainfall estimates over various parts of the Indian land and oceanic regions on a daily scale. Overall, results reveal that the GMI type radiometer in low inclination orbit like the Megha-Tropiques and Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) could be more useful for synergistic use with INSAT-3D. It has the potential to predict more accurately near real-time tropical rainfall, particularly over the Indian monsoon region, which makes it a valuable source of information for flood forecasting, agriculture and water resource management, numerical weather prediction, and numerous other applications in the hydro-meteorological sciences.

RESUMEN El algoritmo multiespectral de precipitación (IMSRA, por sus siglas en inglés) del Sistema Nacional de Satélites de la India (INSAT) provee operativamente estimaciones de precipitación sobre el territorio continental y las regiones oceánicas de la India utilizando mediciones proporcionadas por el satélite Kalpana a partir de 2008 y el satélite INSAT-3D a partir de 2014. En este estudio se pretende estimar la precipitación sobre la región del monzón de la India mediante el uso sinérgico de estimaciones geostacionarias derivadas de INSAT-3D e IMSRA, así como datos de precipitación del generador de imágenes por microondas del proyecto global para la medición de la precipitación (GPM-GPI, por sus siglas en inglés), utilizando para ello un método apropiado de análisis objetivo. Los criterios objetivos de un método de corrección sucesiva se benefician de las altas resoluciones temporales y espaciales del satélite geoestacionario, así como de estimaciones infrecuentes pero más exactas de precipitación basadas en microondas, particularmente en condiciones de lluvia intensa. El método se aplica a varios casos de estudio para la temporada 2015 de monzón del suroeste tanto a escala instantánea como diaria. Se realiza una comparación con datos de campo y productos globales independientes de precipitación. Las estimaciones combinadas muestran una mejoría notable con relación a las estimaciones basadas en el infrarrojo sobre varias partes de las regiones continental y oceánica de la India en una escala diaria. En general, los resultados muestran que el radiómetro GMI en una órbita baja e inclinada (como la de las misiones Megha-Tropiques y TRMM), podría ser de mayor utilidad si es utilizado de manera sinérgica con el INSAT-3D. Tiene el potencial de predecir lluvias tropicales con mayor precisión y casi en tiempo real, sobre todo en la región del monzón de la India, por lo cual es una importante fuente de información para pronóstico de inundaciones, manejo de recursos agrícolas e hídricos, predicción numérica del tiempo y muchas otras aplicaciones en las ciencias hidrometeorológicas.

Abstract DBW222 is characterized by potential yield of 8210 kg ha-1 under high fertility when sown in timely conditions in North India. It possesses better agronomic attributes and has better adaption to sowing time, high rust resistance, quality attributes, and lodging tolerance because of a shorter 2nd internode and wider diameter.

AbstractA compact (20 x 20 mm2 size), coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed, octagonal slotted, dual-band antenna is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna has a simple structure consisting of an octagonal slot, L-shape stub, and a two stepped rectangular patch. The introduction of the L-shaped metallic stubs in the ground plane generates a lower resonance frequency at 2.42 GHz. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a low cost FR4 substrate having thickness of 1.6 mm. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is from 2.40 to 2.46 GHz and 3.2 to 6.2 GHz. It is also shown that the proposed antenna has stable radiation patterns of almost dumb-bell shape in the E-plane and omni-directional shape in the H-plane. The effects of various design parameters on the impedance bandwidth are also studied and presented in detail. The proposed antenna can be used for 3.5/5.5 GHz worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) and 3.1-6.0 GHz Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) / Multi-Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultra wideband (UWB) applications.

In this paper, single and dual band EBG structures for wider bandwidth are proposed. In each of the discussed EBGs, a metallic patch of regular geometry is chosen for the unit element. The patch is further modified by cutting slots to get extra inductance and capacitance which results into lower cut-off frequency and larger bandwidth. The proposed EBG structures are compared with the standard mushroom type EBG with respect to surface wave attenuation. The -20 dB cut-off frequencies and bandwidths of the various EBGs are compared. The effect of unit element size, gap between unit elements and via diameter on the transmission response is presented. Among the discussed EBGs, the swastika type structure is compact, single band and has wider bandwidth. The square patch with a single disconnected loop type slot EBG and the Fractal EBG are dual band. While square patch is more compact, the fractal EBG has wider bandwidth. All the EBGs can be useful in the design of antenna and other microwave circuits.

This paper presents the design of a nano-arm fractal antenna suitable for ultra wide band applications. The CPW-feed and fractal concept have been used to achieve the ultra wide bandwidth. The shape of the fractal geometry, the number of iterations and the number of nano-arms are the deciding factors for achieving wider impedance bandwidth. The experimental result of the fractal antenna exhibits ultra wideband characteristics in the frequency range of 2.55 GHz to 11.84 GHz corresponding to an impedance bandwidth of 131.77%. The measured radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are nearly omni-directional in the H - plane and bidirectional in the E-plane. The antenna can be useful for modern wireless communication, medical imaging and ground penetrating radar.

This paper presents the design of notched-band antenna with CPW - feed. The notched - band has been achieved by using the W-shape slot in ground plane. The antenna has been simulated using a 3D - Electromagnetic simulator. The experimental results of proposed antenna exhibit ultra wideband characteristics from 2.0 - 15.0 GHz except the notched-band frequency from 5.0 - 6.0 GHz. The slot is optimized with respect to width, length and position for a detailed study of notched-band characteristics. It is observed that the centre frequency and bandwidth of notched-band depend on the length and width of slot respectively. The experimental radiation patterns of this antenna are omni-directional in H-plane and bidirectional in E-plane. This antenna can be useful for UWB system, medical imaging and vehicular radar.

This article describes the CPW-feed ultra wideband tree type monopole fractal antenna and it’s backscattering. The prototype antenna is fabricated with optimized dimension. The experimental result of this antenna exhibits the ultra wideband characteristics from 5.0 GHz to 14.0 GHz. The experimental and simulated results are in good agreement. The effects of various design parameters on impedance bandwidth have also been studied in detail using EM simulator. The nature of H and E - plane radiation patterns are omni-directional and bidirectional respectively. The measured group delay is almost constant throughout band. This indicates the phase linearity. The monostatic RCS of antenna is also simulated iteration-wise for antenna and structural scattering mode. This antenna can be useful for UWB system, Microwave Imaging and vehicular radar and military high data rate wireless communications.

Solventes residuais em amostras farmacêuticas são monitoradas utilizando-se cromatografia a gás "headspace". Com base nas boas práticas de fabricação, a medida de solventes residuais é obrigatória para o teste de liberação de todos os ingredientes farmacêuticos (API). Efetuou-se a análise de solventes orgânicos residuais (metanol, acetona, cicloexano, diclorometano, tolueno) em omeprazol, ingrediente farmacêutico ativo. O omeprazol é potente inibidor reversível da bomba de prótons H+/K+-ATPase. A cromatografia a gás "headspace" (HSGC) descrita nessa pesquisa utilizou um SPB TM-624, Supelco, de 30 m de comprimento x 0,25 mm de diâmetro interno, e coluna de 1,4 µm de espessura. Considerando-se que o omeprazol é termicamente lábil, a seleção da temperatura apropriada do injetor é crítica para impedir a degradação. A temperatura inicial do forno foi de 40 ºC, por 12 minutos, e programada à taxa de acréscimo de 10 ºC min-1 até a temperatura final de 220 ºC, por 5 minutos. Nitrogênio foi utilizado como gás de transporte. Selecionou-se como solvente a N,N-dimetilacetamida. O método foi validado mostrando-se específico, linear, preciso, sensível, robusto e com excelente recuperação.

Residual solvents in pharmaceutical samples are monitored using gas chromatography with head space. Based on good manufacturing practices, measuring residual solvents is mandatory for the release testing of all active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). The analysis of residual organic solvents (methanol, acetone, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, toluene) in Omeprazole, an active pharmaceutical ingredient was investigated. Omeprazole is a potent reversible inhibitor of the gastric proton pump H+/K+-ATPase. The Head space gas chromatography (HSGC) method described in this investigation utilized a SPB TM-624, Supelco, 30 m long x 0.25 mm internal diameter, 1.4µm-thick column. Since Omeprazole is a thermally labile compound, the selection of the proper injector temperature is critical to the success of the analysis. The injector temperature was set at 170ºC to prevent degradation. The initial oven temperature was set at 40ºC for 12 min and programmed at a rate of 10ºC min-1 to a final temperature of 220ºC for 5 min. Nitrogen was used as a carrier gas. The sample solvent selected was N,N-dimethylacetamide. The method was validated to be specific, linear, precise, sensitive, rugged and showed excellent recovery.